Find out in “Jack Whitten: The Messenger,” the ... simplified forms of Constantin Brâncuși. In the 1970s, Whitten constructed tools to “develop” his paintings by scraping them with ...

In the early 1970s, US artist Jack Whitten ... a structure called the ‘Developer’ that allowed him to rake acrylic paint over a huge area in one rapid, smooth movement. That's how works like The ...

In this spare context, Jack Whitten’s “Greek Alphabet ... which he sometimes called a “developer”, was a homemade device with teeth like a rake’s that pulled paint evenly across ...

In the early 1970s, he developed one of his best-known techniques: He poured layers of paint into “slabs” on the ground, then used rakes, squeegees, Afro picks, and other tools to dig grooves ...

For half a century, Jack Whitten tore through an art world ... after which he pulled his rake — “developer” was his term — across the whole concoction. The result, meticulously planned ...