A major limitation that complicates the drawing of conclusions in this study is the cross-sectional design. Especially, when exposure variables describe the active use of green spaces, such as ...

Design Cross-sectional survey carried out between 5 May and 5 June 2021. Participants and setting 4198 individuals from urban and rural settings in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Senegal and Sierra Leone ...

Our study had several limitations. First, the cross-sectional study design restricts the ability to establish a causal relationship between DI-GM and female infertility, underscoring the need for ...

Our design addresses this issue directly," says Associate Professor Chunhong Zhu, the lead author of the study from the Institute for Fiber Engineering and Science. Credit: Advanced Science (2025).

In addition, the data provided in this study were self-reported, so there may be recall bias. Due to the cross-sectional study design, the viewpoint may change, and this study is also unable to ...