Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

The two notions you hear most are top-down and bottom-up methods. Michelangelo's art style can be compared to a top-down approach in nanotechnology. He began with a large block of marble and gradually ...

At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental difference ...

“I never predict. I just look out of the window and see what is visible—but not yet seen.” Peter Drucker (1909–2005, writer and management consultant). Predicting the future necessitates ...

Conservation & Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2021), pp. 25-33 (9 pages) In 2010, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) outlined an international strategic plan, which included the twenty Aichi ...