TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. About the Archive This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of ...

The process involved significant spatial data manipulation to align historical census data with county boundaries that changed over time. After the maps were finalized, we incorporated them into ...

A map shows the distribution of the slave population in the Southern states of the United States, based on the 1860 census. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division As the 2016 election ...