Many insects are life-history omnivores, which means that they act as herbivores during one stage of their life, then as predators during another. For example, most parasitoid wasps feed upon ...

For example, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica ... indirect defenses reduce herbivory by increasing the likelihood that herbivores (usually insects) are attacked, removed, or harassed by predators ...

For example, aphids living on the trees may ... of the genus Cladosporium on the defense of black poplars against herbivorous insects. The fungus, which lives inside the leaves, not only increases ...

For example, aphids living on the trees may ... and the consequences for the food preference and fitness of herbivorous insects, as well as the composition of the insect community on young trees ...